Childhood is a time of rapid growth, exploration, and emotional development. To outside observers, this can sometimes look chaotic and confusing. Parents often wonder whether their child’s latest phase is a typical part of development or a sign of something more concerning. When does a "phase" become a mental health disorder? Let’s review some of the more common childhood mental health disorders and how they typically present.
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorders in children are characterized by persistent and excessive worry that is difficult to control. Unlike adults, children often express anxiety in somatic ways, such as frequent complaints of stomach-aches or headaches. They may also make repeated bids for attention and comfort, which can make them appear clingy or whiny to caregivers. Some children experience intense separation anxiety, struggling to be apart from their parents, while others may have difficulty focusing due to excessive worry.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
ADHD is one of the most commonly diagnosed childhood disorders though it is very important to rule out other causes (e.g., anxiety, trauma) of its characteristic symptoms. Kids with ADHD can present with persistent patterns of difficulty focusing, hyperactivity, and acting impulsively. Children with ADHD may struggle to follow multi-step instructions, stay organized, or complete tasks. They often seem to be in constant motion, interrupt frequently, and act without considering consequences.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition that can look many different ways and can affect a child’s communication, social interaction, and behavior. Children with ASD may have difficulty understanding social cues, forming relationships, and adapting to changes in routine. Some may engage in repetitive behaviors or have highly specific interests.
Depressive Disorders
Most of us are familiar with symptoms of a depressive disorder however, many don’t realize that one of the most common symptoms of depression in children is irritability. Children can also experience the more hallmark symptoms such as persistent sad mood, withdrawing, and avoiding things that used to bring them happiness. They may struggle with low energy, changes in appetite or sleep patterns, and say mean things about themselves. Depression can also impact their ability to focus.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
OCD is a very specific type of anxiety disorder. It is characterized by persistent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or rituals (compulsions) performed to reduce distress. In children, this can manifest as rigid routines that the child believes must be followed to manage anxiety. These routines are tied to obsessive thoughts that typically relate to themes of safety, health, and control. While occasional rituals are normal in childhood, rituals associated with OCD are incredibly rigid, impair the child’s functioning, and are marked by high anxiety.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
PTSD in children can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. Just because a person experiences a trauma does not mean that they for sure will develop PTSD. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares, emotional numbness, heightened anxiety, and avoidance of reminders of the trauma. Children with PTSD may also display sudden mood changes, aggression, repetitive play or difficulties in school and social interactions.
When to Seek Help
If you’re concerned about your child’s mental health, speaking with a pediatrician, psychologist, or licensed therapist can help clarify whether additional support is needed.
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